Effects of the severity and timing of basal leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines

The effects of the severity and timing of leaf removal(LR) on the amino acids of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines were studied during the 2017 growing season. High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to analyze the amino acids profiles of grape berries and wines. The basal leaves were removed at three time points(40, 56 and 72 days after flowering, named LR40, LR56 and LR72, respectively) at two severity levels(one at which the first, third, and fifth basal leaves of each shoot were removed(50% level); and another at which the first six basal leaves were removed(100% level)). The results showed that leaf removal had little impact on total soluble solids(°Brix), titratable acidity, pH or berry weight. The LR72-50% treated grapes had higher berry weight, titratable acidity and °Brix than those of the other treatments. The highest concentrations of total amino acids and of total amino acids except proline were detected in LR72-50% treated grapes(2 952.58 and 2 764.36 mg L~(-1), respectively); the lowest were detected in LR72-100% treated grapes(2 172.82 and 2 038.71 mg L~(-1), respectively). LR72-50% treatment significantly promoted the synthesis of aspartic acid, serine, arginine, alanine, aminobutyric acid and proline at both severity levels for grapes, the concentrations of all of these amino acids were increased relative to the control concentrations. The LR72-50%, LR40-100% and LR72-100% treated wines had higher total amino acids concentrations and higher concentrations of some individual amino acids, such as arginine, alanine and serine, than did the control wines. Of all the amino acids studied, glycine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine and lysine were not significantly influenced by the timing or severity basal defoliation in grapes and wines. The present study reveals the effects of the timing and severity of leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of grapes and wines.     

Reduction in cadmium accumulation in japonica rice grains by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of OsNRAMP5

Cadmium (Cd) intake is harmful to human health and Cd contamination in rice grains represents a severe threat to those consuming rice as a staple food. Knockout of Cd transporters is a promising strategy to reduce Cd accumulation in rice grains. OsNRAMP5 is the major transporter for Cd and manganese (Mn) uptake in rice. Nevertheless, it is uncertain whether knockout of OsNRAMP5 is applicable to produce low Cd rice without affecting plant growth and grain yield. In this study, we adopted CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing technology to knock out OsNRAMP5 in two japonica varieties. We generated three independent transgene-free osnramp5 mutants and investigated the effect of osnramp5 mutations on Cd accumulation and plant growth. Hydroponic experiments showed that plant growth and chlorophyll content were significantly reduced in osnramp5 mutants at low Mn conditions, and this defective growth in the mutants could be fully rescued by supply of high levels of Mn. Cd and Mn accumulation in both roots and shoots was markedly reduced in the mutants compared to that in wild-type plants. In paddy field experiments, although Cd in flag leaves and grains was greatly reduced in osnramp5 mutants, some agronomic traits including plant height, seed setting rate, and grain number per panicle were affected in the mutants, which ultimately caused a mild reduction in grain yield. The reduced plant growth in the mutants can be attributed to a marked decrease in Mn accumulation. Our results reveal that the manipulation of OsNRAMP5 should be treated with caution: When assessing the applicability of osnramp5 mutants, soil pH and soil water content in paddy fields need to be taken into consideration, since they might affect the levels of available Mn in the soil and consequently determine the effect of the mutation on grain yield.     

高粱光敏色素A基因的克隆、蛋白结构与长短日照诱导表达模式

光敏色素是一类红光/远红光受体,对植物光形态建成、外部形态和生理功能等方面起着重要的调节作用。为明晰光敏色素A在调控高粱光形态建成发育过程中的作用,本研究比较分析光温敏感程度不同的高粱品种Btx623、Rio、Tx430和LH645的PhyA基因序列和PHYA蛋白的保守结构域,利用qRT-PCR明确长短日照条件处理下PhyA基因的表达模式。结果表明,Btx623、Rio和Tx430之间PhyA基因序列存在非同义突变,LH645在PhyA基因的第7个外显子上插入了5 bp碱基序列;高粱PhyA蛋白中含有1个PAS-2结构域、1个GAF结构域、1个Phytochrome结构域、2个PAS结构域、1个组氨酸激酶A结构域和1个类似组氨酸激酶的ATP激酶结构;遗传进化树分析表明,单子叶和双子叶植物PhyA蛋白明显聚为2大类,高粱PhyA、谷子PhyA和玉米PhyA1、PhyA2聚为一个亚类,相互间亲缘关系较近,与水稻PhyA同源性相对较远;在短日照(SD)条件下各时期PhyA基因转录水平变化显著,Rio PhyA基因转录水平较Btx623和Tx430变化明显,LH645 PhyA基因转录变化不显著,在长日照(LD)条件下Rio PhyA基因转录水平低于Btx623和Tx430,LH645 PhyA基因转录水平变化不显著。以上结果表明,PhyA受光周期诱导,推测其在高粱光形态建成中起重要调控作用。本研究为进一步解析PhyA基因功能及其在调控高粱光形态建成发育过程中的作用提供理论基础。     

湖南省粮食产量波动的影响因素分析及预测

旨在维护国家稳定,为预判粮食生产前景、提高粮食生产效率、保障粮食安全提供理论依据。利用湖南省统计数据,运用灰色关联分析法筛选关联性较强的影响因素,并建立GM(1,N)预测模型预测粮食产量。2008—2017年与湖南省粮食产量关联度最大的影响因素是粮食作物播种面积和农业机械总动力;科技因素是影响2008—2017年湖南省粮食产量的主要因素,其次是自然因素,社会因素;2018—2027年湖南省粮食产量有较小波动,且农业机械总动力和财政农业支出影响较大;农业机械总动力在前后十年对粮食产量都有较重要的影响,越来越占据主导地位。粮食产量受国家政策的影响,受农业机械总动力影响最大,维持产量水平需高度重视农业机械化水平,稳步提高粮食作物播种面积。     

基于层次分析法的食用菌产业扶贫绩效评价

特色产业扶贫是一种创新式的扶贫模式,通过扶持贫困地区发展地方特色产业脱贫致富。食用菌营养丰富,销售市场前景乐观,也响应了我国绿色环保节能的理念,成为最具优势的产业发展趋势。辽宁省某地区作为我国脱贫攻坚战的重点地区,利用食用菌产业不断优化自身的农业结构,助力当地脱贫致富。对该地区的食用菌产业扶贫绩效进行了具体分析和评价。     

大球盖菇1号的分离纯化及其液体培养基优化

为缩短大球盖菇(Stropharia rugoso-annulata)1号液体种生长周期,提高菌丝体产量,为大球盖菇液体种工业化生产提供参考和依据。试验以大球盖菇1号菌丝球干质量(Y)为指标,通过Plackett-Burman设计试验,得出玉米粉、MgSO4和VB1对大球盖菇的生物量有显著影响,通过最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken响应面分析法对大球盖菇液体培养基组成进行优化,得到大球盖菇1号最适液体培养基为蔗糖20 g·L^-1、蛋白胨6 g·L^-1、酵母膏2 g·L^-1、KH2PO43 g·L^-1、MgSO44.56 g·L^-1、玉米粉4.25 g·L^-1、VB12.43 g·L^-1,通过对模型进行验证试验,大球盖菇1号菌丝生物量为1.2154 g·150-1mL-1,较基础培养基相比生物量提高36.2%,且数学模型的预测值与试验观察值相符,相对误差约为1.9%,证明响应面法优化大球盖菇1号液体培养基可行。     

光系列葡萄品种在福州地区的引种表现

为丰富福建葡萄品种资源结构,2014年起国家葡萄产业技术体系福州综合试验站引进河北省农林科学院昌黎果树研究所选育的‘春光’、‘蜜光’、‘宝光’、‘峰光’等4份优良鲜食葡萄品种,对其植物学特性、物候期、果实性状、生长结果习性及抗病性等进行观察,总结其在福建的综合表现。结果表明：4个欧美杂交葡萄品种较现有主栽品种巨峰具有坐果稳定、着色成熟一致、果肉硬脆耐储等优势,适宜在福建地区推广种植。     

链霉菌30702复合壳聚糖对番木瓜PRSV的防控效果

探究链霉菌30702复合壳聚糖对番木瓜环斑病毒病（papaya ringspot virus，PRSV）的防控效果，为番木瓜环斑花叶病防治提供基础。以台农二号番木瓜为材料，壳聚糖设3个浓度1.0g/L、0.5g/L、0.25g/L；30702菌液2个浓度0 cfu/L和4.2×10 6cfu/L，互相组合为6个处理，以清水处理为空白组，宁南霉素0.05 g/L为对照组，共8个处理；运用分光光度计法测量相关酶活。1.0 g/L壳聚糖复合4.2×106 cfu/L链霉菌30702的防治效果为88.6（p＜0.05），显著高于其他组；壳聚糖复合链霉菌30702组的防治效果、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性相较于单独使用壳聚糖组有显著提升。使用1.0 g/L壳聚糖复合4.2×106 cfu/L的30702对番木瓜防控PRSV的效果最好，防治指数达到88.6%。     

鹅肠道微生物研究进展

肠道微生物是当前研究的热点,鹅肠道微生物的组成与丰富程度不仅和鹅的生长性能密切相关,而且在鹅机体生理活动中具有一定的调节作用,同时与疾病的发生和发展具有密切的联系。通过研究鹅肠道微生物的调节,从而达到促生长或者治疗疾病的目的,是目前鹅研究探寻的新方向。文章主要综述了鹅肠道微生物的组成及其变化规律,以期为鹅产业生物饲料的开发应用、研发推广新型安全高效饲料添加剂提供新思路。     

支管射流三通结构优化与试验

为了提高支管射流三通水力性能,改善滴灌的灌水均匀性,基于CFX数值模拟技术,对进口宽度为15 mm的支管射流三通进行结构优化.选取位差、劈距、劈尖半径和侧壁倾角为影响因素,通过四因素三水平正交设计了9组模型,边界条件设定为进口压力100 kPa.选取支管射流三通出口设计流量为评价标准,支管射流三通最优结构尺寸为位差5.5 mm、劈距113 mm、劈尖半径13 mm、侧壁倾角10°.此结构尺寸参数下的支管射流三通水力性能试验结果表明:在进口水压为100 kPa时,支管射流三通脉冲频率为148次/min,水头压力振幅为37.9 kPa,水头压力损失为16.7 kPa,出口流量为0.698 L/s;支管射流三通所接滴灌带长度为60 m时,与普通支管三通相比,支管射流三通的灌水均匀系数提高了2.78%,流量偏差率降低了4.72%.该研究可为射流技术在脉冲滴灌系统的研究、开发与应用提供理论依据.